Conclusion
Studies clearly demonstrate the potential of L-arginine supplementation to enhance NO-mediated cardiovascular health. The risk associated with L-arginine therapy appears minimal, except in a very small subset of patients (e.g., active malignancies, severe infection, diabetic retinopathy). Patients should consult their healthcare providers about using products containing L-arginine for cardiovascular benefits.
References
1. Reyes AA, Karl IE, Klahr S. Role of arginine in health and in renal disease. Am J. Physiol 1994;267:F331-F346.
2. Usui M, Matsuoka H, Miyazaki H, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi t. Increased endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in patients with congestive heart failure. Life Sci 1998;62(26):2425-2430.
3. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Sxuba A, Tsao PS, Chan JR, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Cooke JP. ADMA: a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction: its role in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1998;96S:A173.
4. Matsuoka H, Itoh S, Kimoto M, Kohno K, Tamai O, Wada Y, Yasukawa H, Iwami G, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine, an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in experimental hypertension. Hypertension 1997;29:242-247.
5. Nagase S, Takemura K, Ueda A. A novel nonenzymatic pathway nfor the generation of nitric oxide by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and D- or L-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;233:150-153.
6. Ito A, Tsao PS, Adimoonlam S, Kimoto M, Ogawa T, Cooke, JP. A novel mechanism for endothelial dysfunction: dysregulation of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Circulation 1999; 99:3092-3095.
7. Albina JE, Mills CD, Barbul A, Thirkill CE, Henry WL Jr, Mastrofrancesco B, Caldwell MD. Arginine metabolism in wounds. Am J Physiol 1988;254:E459-E467.
8. Raeger MA, Cooke JP, Mendelsohn ME, Gallagher SJ, Coleman SM, Loscalzo J, Dzau VJ. Impaired vasodilatation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:228-234.
9. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Speigelhalter DJ, Miller OW, Sullivan ID, Lloyd JK, Deanfield JE. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk for atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340:1111-1115.
10. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Endogenous dimethylarginine as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20 (Suppl 12):S60-S62.
11. Craeger MA, gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, Coleman SM, Dzau, VJ, Cooke JP. L-Arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1248-1253.
12. Cooke JP, Andon NA, Girerd XJ, Hirsch AT, Creager MA. Arginine restores cholinergic relation of hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta. Circulation 1991; 83:1057-1062.
13. Azumi H, Sato J, Hamasaki H, Sugimoto A, Isotani E, Obayashi S. Accumulation of endogenous inhibitors for nitric oxide synthesis and decreased content of L-arginine in regenerated endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115:1001-1004.
14. Maxwell AJ, Schauble E, Bernstein D, Cooke JP. Limb blood flow during exercise is dependent upon nitric oxide. Circulation 1998; 98:369-364.
15. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Thiele W, Creutzig A, Alexander K, Frolich JC. Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves the symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:1336-1344.
16. Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr, Higano ST, McKinley LJ, Holmes DR Jr. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation 1998; 97:2123-2128.
17. Ceremuzynski L, Chamiec T, Herbaczynska-Cedro K. Effect of supplemental oral L-arginine on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:331-333.
18. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Brandes RP. Dietary L-arginine reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits: comparison with lovastatin. Circulation 1997; 96:1282-1290.
19. Candipan RC, Wang B, Buitrago R, Tsao PS, Cooke JP. Regression or progression: dependency on vascular nitric oxide. Arterioscler Vasc Biol 1996; 16:44-50.
20. Schwarzacher SP, Lim TT, Wang BY, Kernoff RS, Niebauer J, Cooke JP, Yeung AC. Local intramural delivery of L-arginine enhances nitric oxide generation and inhibits lesion formation after balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1997; 95:1863-1869.
21. Cooke JP, Dzau VJ. Nitric oxide synthase: role in the genesis of vascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1997; 48:489-509.
22. Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S, Vallance P. Effect of local intraarterial NG-monomethyl-L-arginine in patients with hypertension: the nitric oxide dilator mechanism appears abnormal. J Hypertens 1992; 10:1025-1031.
23. Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ, Sliwowski Z, Drozdowicz D, Zaczek M, Kedra D. Role of L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide-synthase, in gastroprotection and ulcer healing. J. Gastroenterol 1997; 32:442-452.
24. Brittenden J, Heys SD, Miller I, Sarkar TK, Hutcheon AW, Needham G, Gilbert F, McKean M, Ah-See AK, Eremin O. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine in patients with breast cancer (>4cm) receiving multimodality treatment: report of a feasibility study. Br J Cancer 1994;69:918-921.
25. Sanders PW. L-Arginine and arginine analogs in progressive renal failure. Blood Purif 1995; 13:219-227.
26. Klahr S. Can L-arginine manipulation reduce renal disease? Sem Nephrol 1999; 19:304-309.
27. Park GM, Heys SD, Blessing K, Kelly P, McNurlan MA, Eremin O, Garlik PJ. Stimulation of human breast cancers by dietary L-arginine. Clin Sic 1992; 82:413-417.
28. Tachibana K, Mukai K, Hiraoka I, Moriguchi S, Takama S, Kishino Y. Evaluation of the effect of arginine-enriched amino acid solution on tumor growth. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985; 9:428-434.
29. Brittenden J, Heys SD, Ross J, Park KG, Eremin O. Natural cytotoxicity in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: effects of L-arginine supplementation. Eur J Surg Oncol 1994; 20:467-472.
30. Heys S, Ogston K, Miller I, Hutcheon A, Walker L, Sarker T, Dewar J, Ah-See A, Eremin O. Potentiation of the response to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer by dietary supplementation with L-arginine: results of a randomised controlled trial. Int J Oncol 1998; 12:221-225.
31. Federation of the American Society for Experimental Biology/ Life Sciences Research Office (Anderson SA, Raiten DJ, eds.) Safety of amino acids used as dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 1992; FDA Contract No. 223-88-2124, Task No. 8.
32. Tangphao O, Chalon S, Moreno H, Hoffman BB, Blaschke TF. Pharmacokinetics of L-arginine during chronic administration in hypercholesterolemic patients. Clin Sci 1999;96:199-209.
33. Mueller C. The regulatory status of medical foods and dietary supplements in the United States. Nutrition 1999; 15:249-251.
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Studies clearly demonstrate the potential of L-arginine supplementation to enhance NO-mediated cardiovascular health. The risk associated with L-arginine therapy appears minimal, except in a very small subset of patients (e.g., active malignancies, severe infection, diabetic retinopathy). Patients should consult their healthcare providers about using products containing L-arginine for cardiovascular benefits.
References
1. Reyes AA, Karl IE, Klahr S. Role of arginine in health and in renal disease. Am J. Physiol 1994;267:F331-F346.
2. Usui M, Matsuoka H, Miyazaki H, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi t. Increased endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in patients with congestive heart failure. Life Sci 1998;62(26):2425-2430.
3. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Sxuba A, Tsao PS, Chan JR, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Cooke JP. ADMA: a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction: its role in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1998;96S:A173.
4. Matsuoka H, Itoh S, Kimoto M, Kohno K, Tamai O, Wada Y, Yasukawa H, Iwami G, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine, an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in experimental hypertension. Hypertension 1997;29:242-247.
5. Nagase S, Takemura K, Ueda A. A novel nonenzymatic pathway nfor the generation of nitric oxide by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and D- or L-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;233:150-153.
6. Ito A, Tsao PS, Adimoonlam S, Kimoto M, Ogawa T, Cooke, JP. A novel mechanism for endothelial dysfunction: dysregulation of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Circulation 1999; 99:3092-3095.
7. Albina JE, Mills CD, Barbul A, Thirkill CE, Henry WL Jr, Mastrofrancesco B, Caldwell MD. Arginine metabolism in wounds. Am J Physiol 1988;254:E459-E467.
8. Raeger MA, Cooke JP, Mendelsohn ME, Gallagher SJ, Coleman SM, Loscalzo J, Dzau VJ. Impaired vasodilatation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:228-234.
9. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Speigelhalter DJ, Miller OW, Sullivan ID, Lloyd JK, Deanfield JE. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk for atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340:1111-1115.
10. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Endogenous dimethylarginine as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20 (Suppl 12):S60-S62.
11. Craeger MA, gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, Coleman SM, Dzau, VJ, Cooke JP. L-Arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1248-1253.
12. Cooke JP, Andon NA, Girerd XJ, Hirsch AT, Creager MA. Arginine restores cholinergic relation of hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta. Circulation 1991; 83:1057-1062.
13. Azumi H, Sato J, Hamasaki H, Sugimoto A, Isotani E, Obayashi S. Accumulation of endogenous inhibitors for nitric oxide synthesis and decreased content of L-arginine in regenerated endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115:1001-1004.
14. Maxwell AJ, Schauble E, Bernstein D, Cooke JP. Limb blood flow during exercise is dependent upon nitric oxide. Circulation 1998; 98:369-364.
15. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Thiele W, Creutzig A, Alexander K, Frolich JC. Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves the symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:1336-1344.
16. Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr, Higano ST, McKinley LJ, Holmes DR Jr. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation 1998; 97:2123-2128.
17. Ceremuzynski L, Chamiec T, Herbaczynska-Cedro K. Effect of supplemental oral L-arginine on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:331-333.
18. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Brandes RP. Dietary L-arginine reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits: comparison with lovastatin. Circulation 1997; 96:1282-1290.
19. Candipan RC, Wang B, Buitrago R, Tsao PS, Cooke JP. Regression or progression: dependency on vascular nitric oxide. Arterioscler Vasc Biol 1996; 16:44-50.
20. Schwarzacher SP, Lim TT, Wang BY, Kernoff RS, Niebauer J, Cooke JP, Yeung AC. Local intramural delivery of L-arginine enhances nitric oxide generation and inhibits lesion formation after balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1997; 95:1863-1869.
21. Cooke JP, Dzau VJ. Nitric oxide synthase: role in the genesis of vascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1997; 48:489-509.
22. Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S, Vallance P. Effect of local intraarterial NG-monomethyl-L-arginine in patients with hypertension: the nitric oxide dilator mechanism appears abnormal. J Hypertens 1992; 10:1025-1031.
23. Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ, Sliwowski Z, Drozdowicz D, Zaczek M, Kedra D. Role of L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide-synthase, in gastroprotection and ulcer healing. J. Gastroenterol 1997; 32:442-452.
24. Brittenden J, Heys SD, Miller I, Sarkar TK, Hutcheon AW, Needham G, Gilbert F, McKean M, Ah-See AK, Eremin O. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine in patients with breast cancer (>4cm) receiving multimodality treatment: report of a feasibility study. Br J Cancer 1994;69:918-921.
25. Sanders PW. L-Arginine and arginine analogs in progressive renal failure. Blood Purif 1995; 13:219-227.
26. Klahr S. Can L-arginine manipulation reduce renal disease? Sem Nephrol 1999; 19:304-309.
27. Park GM, Heys SD, Blessing K, Kelly P, McNurlan MA, Eremin O, Garlik PJ. Stimulation of human breast cancers by dietary L-arginine. Clin Sic 1992; 82:413-417.
28. Tachibana K, Mukai K, Hiraoka I, Moriguchi S, Takama S, Kishino Y. Evaluation of the effect of arginine-enriched amino acid solution on tumor growth. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1985; 9:428-434.
29. Brittenden J, Heys SD, Ross J, Park KG, Eremin O. Natural cytotoxicity in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: effects of L-arginine supplementation. Eur J Surg Oncol 1994; 20:467-472.
30. Heys S, Ogston K, Miller I, Hutcheon A, Walker L, Sarker T, Dewar J, Ah-See A, Eremin O. Potentiation of the response to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer by dietary supplementation with L-arginine: results of a randomised controlled trial. Int J Oncol 1998; 12:221-225.
31. Federation of the American Society for Experimental Biology/ Life Sciences Research Office (Anderson SA, Raiten DJ, eds.) Safety of amino acids used as dietary supplements. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 1992; FDA Contract No. 223-88-2124, Task No. 8.
32. Tangphao O, Chalon S, Moreno H, Hoffman BB, Blaschke TF. Pharmacokinetics of L-arginine during chronic administration in hypercholesterolemic patients. Clin Sci 1999;96:199-209.
33. Mueller C. The regulatory status of medical foods and dietary supplements in the United States. Nutrition 1999; 15:249-251.
LEARN ABOUT THE FACTS TO INCREASE YOUR HEIGHT AND GROW TALLER!